Modern tendencies of international labour migration free essay sample

Introduction At the present time, the globalization of economic life has led to the creation of an international labor market in the context of growing internationalization of production and integration. Potential prospects that are embedded in labor migration are huge and include acceleration in economic growth, reduce unemployment, improve the quality of life, income growth, etc. The theme of this term paper Modern tendencies of international labor migration. The purpose of writing an analysis of currently existing international migration issues, to identify the main streams of migration and an analysis of state regulation of international labor migration. The above defines a set of goal the following objectives: to consider the theoretical aspects of labor migration (its nature and value) to determine the impact of international migration on countries importing and exporting labor to explore contemporary migration flows and to consider a system of state regulation of external labor migration. The object of study in this course work is international labor migration in the context of globalization and market economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern tendencies of international labour migration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The subject of the study is theoretical and methodological elements of state control of foreign labor migration, contemporary migration flows and theoretical concepts. In writing this paper I have used a lot of literature. Here is the most basic analysis. The theoretical basis of this study is based on the work of authors such as Ivahnyuk IV, Iontsev VA Molodikova IN, Mukomel VI, Sukhov A. , Horev, BS etc. In the study of the impact of international migration on the global economy in the context of globalization have helped me work of Glushchenko GI Ivahnyuka I. , Denissenko M. B. Information on the state regulation of external labor migration has been taken from works Vorobyova O. D . , Glushchenko GI and Ponomarev, VA, VI Mukomel. Also I used newspaper articles and magazines economic substance of Russian and foreign publications. 1. International labour migration as an integral part of society 1. 1. Essense and typesof the international labour migration In terms of globalization the crucial factor of developing of many countries becomes international labour migration, which favours the establishing of flexible labour market, application of outstanding achievements made by scientific and technical progress, closer cooperation between nations. Movement of factors of production is the foundation of international labour migration. This process occurs in highly developed countries. According to principles of market economy, factors of production are searching for profitable application as much as possible, which in perspective will bring the highest efficiency. Though labour market functions according to the laws of demand and supply, it differs a lot from other markets. The basis forms not only economis factors but also social and psychological, which are not always connected with the price of the labour (salary). There is no any single generally accepted definition of international labour migration, But the most accurate I find the one given by Ioncev V. A. He said that international labour migration are the territorial people movements across national borders, connected with changing of permanent place of living and citizenship, due to a variety of reasons (family, national, political, ethical and etc. ), or with staying in receiving country for long-term purposes. Exist many types of international labour migration and the most common division consists of 3 broad groups: immigration (act of foreigners coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence), emigration (leaving ones country to settle in another for long terms), return migration (return of migrants to their place of origin). Also it is possible to mark out other ways of distinguishing labour migration into types. For example, motives can be different: voluntary and forced. In case of voluntary migration citizen decides by himself to leave the country. But in the event of forced migration his intention to relocate is caused by threat for life (natural cataclysms, wars, riots and others). Migration might differ in duration: long-term, short-term, permanent, seasonal (in different seasons with the purpose of job placement) and commutation (constant dislocation between population aggregates for work or study). One more important distinction lays in legal foundation: migration can be legal and illegal (unregistered and one that violates the regime of entry). International migration flows form in accordance with many factors, most of important of which are socio-economic (migration caused by search of a new work place, education, marriage). Also exist demographic, political, religious, ethnical reasons that make someone to leave his native country. Most common reasons nowadays are low level of wage, high level of unemployment and insufficient education. 1. 2. Impact of the labour migration International migration has a strong influence on both the importing country and exporting country. Recently, the migration processes are perceived as a resource, on which strongly depends the level of economic development. Considering the impact of international labor migration on the development of the exporting country, it is possible to identify some benefits. First of all, declining unemployment rate, weakens the intensity on the domestic labor market, the countrys citizens who work abroad, transfer part of their income to home, thereby reducing the balance of payments deficit. Moreover, the labor force acquires new skills and by returning home, improves human resource skills in their country. There are negative aspects for exporting countries. On the reproduction of labor power has been put national resources, but when it goes abroad, creates a gross domestic product in another country, and do not compensate costs spent on it. Secondly, usually mainly highly-qualified workers leave their native countries. Regarding the impact of international labor migration on the importing countries, evaluations are also ambiguous. Labour migration can reduce labor costs and general costs in the host country. However, before migration was seen as a solution to labor shortages in the domestic market, but over time gained a tendency of settling in receiving countries and immigration is viewed now as a threat to the national economy. Moreover, it leads to transformation of these countries into multinational, what sometimes promotes inter-ethnic conflicts. Thus, international migration affects both the importing countries of labor force and exporting, and has become a global phenomenon, which has its influence on all aspects of life. 2. Pecularities of the regulation of the international labour migration 2. 1. Basic principles and features The migration process is complex and, taking into account all possible consequences, government can not ignore this area of international relations, thus it started lately to tight control measures. The purpose of the state settlement of labor migration is to achieve in importing country the required volume of immigration, including selection of needed workers from all who wishes to immigrate. To avoid negative effects there is an extensive system of national and international regulation. It consists of agreements between the countries themselves, the laws on the status of migrants and other regulatory documents. There is also a system of ongoing monitoring after the migration (SOPEMI), which was founded by OECD. A distinctive feature of regulation of foreign migration is that the advantage is always given to domestic states. At the same time, developing control measures, they must follow established legal order and standards that are contained in documents drawn up by international economic organizations. Many importing countries adhere to a selective method of regulation which consists in encouraging entry into its territory of certain categories of workers who seems to be the most preferable for it, but prevents the immigration of others. These categories may include workers who agree to work for a lower price than local, qualified ones or from fields industries that the country plans to develop. It is possible to restrict the entry by presenting certain requirements for qualification of personnel, their state of health, age and education. Many states have a policy of quantitative quotas, which means establishment of a ceiling that is the maximum number of immigrants. There is also economic regulation, which involves the imposition of financial restrictions or temporal regulation. The governments by their own choose type of regulation, and what restrictions to apply, basing primarily on the interests of employees of the national labor market, however, they must not forget to respect international law. 2. 2. Designing of the migratory policy In order to stabilize and take under control the processes of migration, there should be an effective migration policy. Migration policy of the country consists of theoretical assumptions, goals, means and methods of regulation of national and international processes of migration movements. It can be carried out at both levels: national and international Any immigration policy is based on two components: theoretical basis and practical side. Migration policy is an integral component of domestic and foreign policy. Its direction determines by the socio-economic policy of the country, including aspects of its foreign policy. Migration policy of each state is a set of special measures, legislation and bilateral and multilateral agreements on the basis of which regulation is managed. At each historical period migration policy had either emigration or immigration character, but currently second one dominates. Almost all developed countries prefer to implement immigration policy and to impose tougher measures of controlling undocumented migration. Such measures are expressed by the desire to stimulate economic growth, ensure national security, to protect national markets. Priority in shaping migration policy is given to the use of tools that could provide an effective immigration control, increase screening of potential migrants but at the same time saving national security. 3. Development prospects of the international labour migration 3. 1. Modern tendencies Observed in recent decades, the intensification of migration is expressed in both quantitative and qualitative indicators: change in shape and direction of movement of labor flows. The unprecedented scale of global labor migration is a crucial feature of modernity. If the 50-70s. migration was mainly from developing countries to industrialized, from the 80s. a counter migration process takes place: the movement of foreign workers from more developed to less developed countries. The dominant motive of migration is still the economic one. Modern production technologies, based on the principles of the international division of labor, promote migration. This is primarily due to the activities of transnational corporations that organize production in the world economy. At the present stage of development has increased significantly the illegal labor migration, which has become a global problem. The international migration of qualitative changes results from the scientific and technological revolution, which essentially consists in a significant increase in the proportion of migrating skilled workers. If to the countries of traditional migration (U. S. , Canada, Australia, South Africa) in the XIX century and the first half of XX century relocated only the Europeans, while in the 80-90s. they represent a small part of migrants. In the immigration flows to these countries dominate immigrants from Asia, Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean. One of the characteristics of the present stage of international labor migration has become more and more active government intervention in that process. It regulates transactions and deals on the global labor market, gives permission to enter and exit, and monitors the period of staying. It is engaged in recruiting and creating favorable conditions for hiring foreign workers. At the same time modern trends in labor migration are understudied and need more detailed analysis, because new countries enter the global labor market, which entails many problems, decide which should skilled specialists of that field and governments. 3. 2. Basic improvement trends of the international labour migration Analyzing current governance of migration flows, we can conclude that there is no effective mechanism of regulation. Direction of migration policy should become attraction of people from developed countries and creation of necessary conditions for that; repatriation of formerly departed citizens, while offering them new opportunities and challenges that were not available in the country they immigrated. Favorable situation for the return of compatriots from the CIS countries has developed due to the fact that in recent year in these countries is viewed an oppression of Russian-speaking population. This is a chance for Russia which it should take, while simplifying the procedure for obtaining Russian citizenship back. It is necessary to create adequate conditions for the migrants themselves, provide them with social services, benefits, opportunities for career growth. Not only cheap low-skilled workers should be attracted, but also high class workers. So far, modern migration policy is not working at solution of all problems. Indeed, there are many missions that needed to be not just seen but quickly and efficiently addressed. Conclusion. International labour migration is an important element of the socio-economic development of almost all countries of the world. Due to the migration forms flexible labor market, developing countries get access to the use of scientific and technological progress and labor is beginning to be used rationally and effectively. At this stage migration processes undergo many changes in which migration policy is seen as a guarantee of future wellbeing. Analyzing the possible social, demographic, political and economic consequences of international labour migration, I have concluded that labor migration is a controversial and ambiguous process, which requires strict regulation, which must take into account interests of the international community, certain countries and contemporary conditions of development. Moreover, there is a factor of illegal migration, which glows even more social environment and promotes appearance of negative consequences. International labour migration should be regulated and the volume of migration should not exceed the demand for it. Because the migration of labour is a complex process in which participation takes a lot of parties, it is necessary to create more sophisticated methods of information gathering and dissemination.

Biography of Sukarno, Indonesias First President

Biography of Sukarno, Indonesias First President Sukarno (June 6, 1901–June 21, 1970) was the first leader of independent Indonesia. Born in Java when the island was part of the Dutch East Indies, Sukarno rose to power in 1949. Rather than supporting Indonesias original parliamentary system, he created a guided democracy over which he held control. Sukarno was deposed by a military coup in 1965 and died under house arrest in 1970. Fast Facts: Sukarno Known For: First leader of an independent IndonesiaAlso Known As:  Kusno Sosrodihardjo (original name), Bung Karno (brother or comrade)Born:  June 6, 1901 in  Surabaya, Dutch East IndiesParents: Raden Sukemi Sosrodihardjo, Ida Njoman RaiDied: June 21, 1970 in Jakarta, IndonesiaEducation: Technical Institute in BandungPublished Works:  Sukarno: An Autobiography, Indonesia Accuses!, To My PeopleAwards and Honors:  International Lenin Peace Prize (1960), 26 honorary degrees from universities including Columbia University and the University of MichiganSpouse(s): Siti Oetari, Inggit  Garnisih, Fatmawati, and five polygamous wives: Naoko Nemoto (Indonesian name, Ratna Dewi Sukarno), Kartini Manoppo, Yurike Sanger, Heldy Djafar, and Amelia do la Rama.Children: Totok Suryawan, Ayu Gembirowati, Karina Kartika, Sari Dewi Sukarno, Taufan Sukarno, Bayu Sukarno, Megawati Sukarnoputri, Rachmawati Sukarnoputri, Sukmawati Sukarnoputri, Guruh Sukarnoputra, Ratna Juami (adopted), Kartika ( adopted)Notable Quote: Let us not be bitter about the past, but let us keep our eyes firmly on the future. Early Life Sukarno was born on June 6, 1901, in Surabaya, and was given the name Kusno Sosrodihardjo. His parents later renamed him Sukarno after he survived a serious illness. Sukarnos father was Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, a Muslim aristocrat and school teacher from Java. His mother Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai was a Hindu of the Brahmin caste from Bali. Young Sukarno went to a local elementary school until 1912. He then attended a Dutch middle school in Mojokerto, followed in 1916 by a Dutch high school in Surabaya. The young man was gifted with a photographic memory and a talent for languages, including Javanese, Balinese, Sundanese, Dutch, English, French, Arabic, Bahasa Indonesia, German, and Japanese. Marriages and Divorces While in Surabaya for high school, Sukarno lived with the Indonesian nationalist leader Tjokroaminoto. He fell in love with his landlords daughter Siti Oetari, who he married in 1920. The following year, however, Sukarno went to study civil engineering at the Technical Institute in Bandung and fell in love again. This time, his partner was the boarding-house owners wife Inggit, who was 13 years older than Sukarno. They each divorced their spouses and married each other in 1923. Inggit and Sukarno remained married for 20 years but never had children. Sukarno divorced her in 1943 and married a teenager named Fatmawati. She would bear Sukarno five children, including Indonesias first female president, Megawati Sukarnoputri. In 1953, President Sukarno decided to become polygamous in accordance with Muslim law. When he married a Javanese woman named Hartini in 1954, First Lady Fatmawati was so angry that she moved out of the presidential palace. Over the next 16 years, Sukarno would take five additional wives: a Japanese teen named Naoko Nemoto (Indonesian name Ratna Dewi Sukarno), Kartini Manoppo, Yurike Sanger, Heldy Djafar, and Amelia do la Rama. Indonesian Independence Movement Sukarno began to think about independence for the Dutch East Indies while he was in high school. During college, he read deeply on different political philosophies, including communism, capitalist democracy, and Islamism, developing his own syncretic ideology of Indonesian socialist self-sufficiency. He also established the Algameene Studieclub for like-minded Indonesian students. In 1927, Sukarno and the other members of the Algameene Studieclub reorganized themselves as the Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI), an anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist independence party. Sukarno became the first leader of the PNI. Sukarno hoped to enlist Japanese help in overcoming Dutch colonialism and unite the different peoples of the Dutch East Indies into a single nation. The Dutch colonial secret police soon learned of the PNI, and in late December 1929, Sukarno and the other members were arrested. At his trial, which lasted for the last five months of 1930, Sukarno made a series of impassioned political speeches against imperialism that attracted widespread attention. Sukarno was sentenced to four years in prison and went to the Sukamiskin Prison in Bandung to begin serving his time. However, press coverage of his speeches so impressed liberal factions in the Netherlands and in the Dutch East Indies that Sukarno was released after just one year. He had also become very popular with the Indonesian people. While Sukarno was in prison, the PNI split into two opposing factions. One party, the Partai Indonesia, favored a militant approach to revolution, while the Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia (PNI Baroe) advocated slow revolution through education and peaceful resistance. Sukarno agreed with the Partai Indonesia approach more than the PNIs, so he became the head of that party in 1932 after his release from prison. On August 1, 1933, the Dutch police arrested Sukarno once again while he was visiting Jakarta. Japanese Occupation In February 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded the Dutch East Indies. Cut off from help by the German occupation of the Netherlands, the colonial Dutch quickly surrendered to the Japanese. The Dutch forced-marched Sukarno to Padang, Sumatra, intending to send him to Australia as a prisoner, but had to leave him in order to save themselves as Japanese forces approached. The Japanese commander, Gen. Hitoshi Imamura, recruited Sukarno to lead the Indonesians under Japans rule. Sukarno was happy to collaborate with them at first, in hopes of keeping the Dutch out of the East Indies. However, the Japanese soon began to impress millions of Indonesian workers, particularly Javanese, as forced labor. These romusha workers had to build airfields and railways and grow crops for the Japanese. They worked very hard with little food or water and were regularly abused by the Japanese overseers, which quickly soured relations between the Indonesians and Japan. Sukarno would never live down his collaboration with the Japanese. Declaration of Independence for Indonesia In June 1945, Sukarno introduced his five-point Pancasila, or principles of an independent Indonesia. They included a belief in God but tolerance of all religions, internationalism and just humanity, the unity of all Indonesia, democracy through consensus, and social justice for all. On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allied Powers. Sukarnos young supporters urged him to immediately declare independence, but he feared retribution from the Japanese troops still present. On August 16, the impatient youth leaders kidnapped Sukarno and then convinced him to declare independence the following day. On August 18 at 10 a.m., Sukarno spoke to a crowd of 500 in front of his home and declared the Republic of Indonesia independent, with himself serving as president and his friend Mohammad Hatta as vice president. He also promulgated the 1945 Indonesian Constitution, which included the Pancasila. Although the Japanese troops still in the country tried to suppress news of the declaration, word spread quickly through the grapevine. One month later, on September 19, 1945, Sukarno spoke to a crowd of more than one million at Merdeka Square in Jakarta. The new independence government controlled Java and Sumatra, while the Japanese maintained their hold on the other islands; the Dutch and other Allied Powers had yet to show up. Negotiated Settlement With the Netherlands Toward the end of September 1945, the British finally made an appearance in Indonesia, occupying the major cities by the end of October. The Allies repatriated 70,000 Japanese and formally returned the country to its status as a Dutch colony. Due to his status as a collaborator with the Japanese, Sukarno had to appoint an untainted prime minister, Sutan Sjahrir, and allow the election of a parliament as he pushed for international recognition of the Republic of Indonesia. Under the British occupation, Dutch colonial troops and officials began to return, arming the Dutch POWs formerly held captive by the Japanese and going on shooting sprees against Indonesians. In November, the city of Surabaya experienced an all-out battle in which thousands of Indonesians and 300 British troops died. This incident encouraged the British to hurry their withdrawal from Indonesia and by November of 1946, all British troops were gone and 150,000 Dutch soldiers returned. Faced with this show of force and the prospect of a long and bloody independence struggle, Sukarno decided to negotiate a settlement with the Dutch. Despite vociferous opposition from other Indonesian nationalist parties, Sukarno agreed to the November 1946 Linggadjati Agreement, which gave his government control of Java, Sumatra, and Madura only. However, in July 1947, the Dutch violated the agreement and launched Operatie Product, an all-out invasion of the Republican-held islands. International condemnation forced them to halt the invasion the following month, and former Prime Minister Sjahrir flew to New York to appeal to the United Nations for intervention. The Dutch refused to withdraw from the areas already seized in Operatie Product, and the Indonesian nationalist government had to sign the Renville Agreement in January 1948 as a result, which recognized Dutch control of Java and the best agricultural land in Sumatra. All over the islands, guerrilla groups not aligned with Sukarnos government sprang up to fight the Dutch. In December 1948, the Dutch launched another major invasion of Indonesia called Operatie Kraai. They arrested Sukarno, then-Prime Minister Mohammad Hatta, Sjahrir, and other Nationalist leaders. The backlash to this invasion from the international community was even stronger; the United States threatened to halt Marshall Aid to the Netherlands if it did not desist. Under the dual threat of a strong Indonesian guerrilla effort and international pressure, the Dutch yielded. On May 7, 1949, they signed the Roem-van Roijen Agreement, turning over Yogyakarta to the Nationalists and releasing Sukarno and the other leaders from prison. On December 27, 1949, the Netherlands formally agreed to relinquish its claims to Indonesia. Sukarno Takes Power In August 1950, the last part of Indonesia became independent from the Dutch. Sukarnos role as president was mostly ceremonial, but as the Father of the Nation he wielded a lot of influence. The new country faced a number of challenges; Muslims, Hindus, and Christians clashed; ethnic Chinese clashed with Indonesians; and Islamists fought with pro-atheist communists. In addition, the military was divided between Japanese-trained troops and former guerrilla fighters. In October 1952, the former guerrillas surrounded Sukarnos palace with tanks, demanding that the parliament be dissolved. Sukarno went out alone and gave a speech, which convinced the military to back down. New elections in 1955 did nothing to improve stability in the country, however. Parliament was divided among all the various squabbling factions and Sukarno feared the entire edifice would collapse. Growing Autocracy Sukarno felt he needed more authority and that Western-style democracy would never function well in volatile Indonesia. Despite protests from Vice President Hatta, in 1956 he put forth his plan for guided democracy, under which Sukarno, as president, would lead the population to a consensus on national issues. In December 1956, Hatta resigned in opposition to this blatant power grab- a shock to citizens around the country. That month and into March 1957, military commanders in Sumatra and Sulawesi ousted the Republican local governments and took power. They demanded that Hatta be reinstated and communist influence over politics end. Sukarno responded by installing Djuanda Kartawidjaja as vice president, who agreed with him on guided democracy, and declaring martial law on March 14, 1957. Amid growing tensions, Sukarno went to a school function in Central Jakarta on November 30, 1957. A member of the Darul Islam group tried to assassinate him there with a grenade. Sukarno was unharmed, but six school children died. Sukarno tightened his grip on Indonesia, expelling 40,000 Dutch citizens and nationalizing all of their property, as well as that of Dutch-owned corporations such as the Royal Dutch Shell oil company. He also instituted rules against ethnic-Chinese ownership of rural land and businesses, forcing many thousands of Chinese to move to the cities and 100,000 to return to China. To quell military opposition in the outlying islands, Sukarno engaged in all-out air and sea invasions of Sumatra and Sulawesi. The rebel governments had all surrendered by the beginning of 1959, and the last guerrilla troops surrendered in August 1961. On July 5, 1959, Sukarno issued a presidential decree voiding the current Constitution and reinstating the 1945 Constitution, which gave the president significantly broader powers. He dissolved parliament in March 1960 and created a new Parliament, for which he directly appointed half of the members. The military arrested and jailed members of the opposition Islamist and socialist parties and shut down a newspaper that had criticized Sukarno. The president also began to add more communists to the government so that he wouldnt be solely reliant on the military for support. In response to these moves toward autocracy, Sukarno faced more than one assassination attempt. On March 9, 1960, an Indonesian Air Force officer strafed the presidential palace with the machine gun on his MiG-17, trying unsuccessfully to kill Sukarno. Islamists later shot at the president during Eid al-Adha prayers in 1962, but again Sukarno was unhurt. In 1963, Sukarnos hand-picked Parliament appointed him president for life. As a dictator, he made his own speeches and writings mandatory subjects for all Indonesian students, and all mass media in the country was required to report only on his ideology and actions. To top his cult of personality, Sukarno renamed the highest mountain in the country Puntjak Sukarno, or Sukarno Peak, in his own honor. Suhartos Coup Although Sukarno seemed to have Indonesia gripped in a mailed fist, his military/communist support coalition was fragile. The military resented the rapid growth of communism and began to seek an alliance with Islamist leaders, who also disliked the pro-atheism communists. Sensing that the military was growing disillusioned, Sukarno rescinded martial law in 1963 to curb the Armys power. In April 1965, the conflict between the military and communists increased when Sukarno supported communist leader Aidits call to arm the Indonesian peasantry. U.S. and British intelligence may or may not have established contacts with the military in Indonesia to explore the possibility of bringing down Sukarno. Meanwhile, the ordinary people suffered enormously as hyperinflation spiked to 600%; Sukarno cared little about economics and did nothing about the situation. At the break of day on October 1, 1965, the pro-communist 30 September Movement captured and killed six senior Army generals. The movement claimed that it acted to protect President Sukarno from an impending Army coup. It announced the dissolution of parliament and the creation of a Revolutionary Council. Major General Suharto of the strategic reserve command took control of the Army on October 2, having been promoted to the rank of army chief by a reluctant Sukarno, and quickly overcame the communist coup. Suharto and his Islamist allies then led a purge of communists and leftists in Indonesia, killing at least 500,000 people nationwide and imprisoning 1.5 million. Sukarno sought to maintain his hold on power by appealing to the people over the radio in January 1966. Massive student demonstrations broke out, and one student was shot dead and made a martyr by the Army in February. On March 11, 1966, Sukarno signed a Presidential Order known as the Supersemar that effectively handed control of the country over to General Suharto. Some sources claim he signed the order at gunpoint. Suharto immediately purged the government and the Army of Sukarno loyalists and initiated impeachment proceedings against Sukarno on the grounds of communism, economic negligence, and moral degradation- a reference to Sukarnos infamous womanizing. Death On March 12, 1967, Sukarno was formally ousted from the presidency and placed under house arrest at the Bogor Palace. The Suharto regime did not allow him proper medical care, so Sukarno died of kidney failure on June 21, 1970, in the Jakarta Army Hospital. He was 69 years old. Legacy Sukarno left behind an independent Indonesia- a major achievement of international proportions. On the other hand, despite his rehabilitation as a respected political figure, Sukarto also created a set of issues that continue to plague todays Indonesia. His daughter, Megawati, became Indonesias fifth president. Sources Hanna, Willard A. â€Å"Sukarno.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 17 June 2018.â€Å"Sukarno.†Ã‚  Ohio River - New World Encyclopedia.

The Difference Between a Control Variable and Control Group

The Difference Between a Control Variable and Control Group In experiments, controls are factors that you hold constant or dont expose to the condition you are testing. By creating a control, you make it possible to determine whether the variables alone are responsible for an outcome. Although control variables and the control group serve the same purpose, the terms refer to two different types of controls which are used for different kinds of experiments. Why Experimental Controls Are Necessary A student places a seedling in a dark closet, and the seedling dies. The student now knows what happened to the seedling, but he doesnt know why. Perhaps the seedling died from lack of light, but it might also have died because it was already sickly, or because  of a chemical kept in the closet, or for any number of other reasons.   In order to determine why the seedling died, it is necessary to compare that seedlings outcomes to another identical seedling outside the closet. If the closeted seedling died while the seedling kept in sunshine stayed alive, its reasonable to hypothesize that darkness killed the closeted seedling.   Even if the closeted seedling died while the seedling placed in sunshine lived, the student would still have unresolved questions about her experiment. Might there be something about the particular seedlings that caused the results she saw? For example, might one seedling have been healthier than the other to start with? To answer all of her questions, the student might choose to put several identical seedlings in a closet and several in the sunshine. If at the end of a week, all of the closeted seedlings are dead while all of the seedlings kept in​ the sunshine are alive, it is reasonable to conclude that the darkness killed the seedlings. Definition of a Control Variable A control variable is any factor you control or hold constant during an experiment. A control variable is also called a controlled variable or constant variable.   If you are studying the effect of the amount of water on seed germination, control variables might include temperature, light, and type of seed. In contrast, there may be variables you cant easily control, such as humidity, noise, vibration, and magnetic fields. Ideally, a researcher wants to control every variable, but this isnt always possible. Its a good idea to note all recognizable variables in a lab notebook for reference. Definition of a Control Group A control group is a set of experimental samples or subjects that are kept separate and arent exposed to the independent variable. In an experiment to determine whether zinc helps people recover faster from a cold, the experimental group would be people taking zinc, while the control group would be people taking a placebo (not exposed to extra zinc, the independent variable). A controlled experiment is one in which every parameter is held constant except for the experimental (independent) variable. Usually, controlled experiments have control groups. Sometimes a controlled experiment compares a variable against a standard.

Human resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Human resource - Essay Example One such factor is the excellent performance and reward management of the company. The founders of the company abided by all the principles and produced products accordingly. The performance of the company and its progress within a short period of time has made it a nationalised company holding the majority portion of the market share. Current Performance and Reward Management practises at Innocent Performance management is an important cornerstone in the Human Resource practises of an organization (Smither and London, 2009). It is all about measuring the performances of the employees doing their jobs and designing and implementing systems in order to strengthen the performance standards which have been set. It starts with measuring the daily operational performances of the employees. An organization should have a clear understanding about the kind of job for which they are hiring the employees. Based on that the training should be provided and finally the performances of the employe es should be measured. Performance management involves partnership agreement with the employees or the team of employees in order to increase their level of involvement in the organization (Cardy and Leonard, 2011). Moreover the future improvement in the performance of an organization needs the assessment of the past and the present performance. Every section of activities like providing feedback, coordinating with the employees to solve the problems related to their decreased performance, developing improved performance level etc play an important role in performance management. The method of evaluating the performance of a particular employee is known as the performance appraisal. It is a part of the career development and involves review of the performances of the employees

Internet strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet strategy - Essay Example However, not all companies use the internet to advertise or sell their products; some use many channels to market their products in a bid to reach a large base of consumers. This is where multichannel marketing comes in; as the name implies, it is the use of several channels to reach the consumer, through advertising and even selling the product. These channels include mobile phones, the internet, through marketing and social sites such as Facebook. Use of multichannel marketing enables the firm to reach consumers with diverse purchasing behaviors. This paper will study the marketing strategy of Pacific Sun Wear clothing firm, and analyze its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Moreover, the analysis of Pac-Sun’s competitors will be done in this paper. Pacific Sun Wear (Pac-Sun) is a clothing firm that designs, produces, and distributes its products over a range of channels. The firm also deals with footwear and accessories. The business is based in California, USA and its main consumers are the youth because the company produces clothing, accessories and footwear synonymous with the youth. Pac-Sun is a large company with over eight hundred stores in the whole of USA and even Puerto Rico. Although it is based in Anaheim, its main distribution center is in Kansas while the stores and its managers are located throughout the US. The company was established in 1984, and it boasts a workforce of over 10000 employees. The firm has incorporated mobile, the internet, and in-store terminals to reach and interact with its clientele. The firm has gone further to develop an iPhone application used for scanning QR codes. The firm uses these platforms to advertise and sell these products. Moreover, the feedback is used to design the outfits tha t interest its client base. This company thrives on internet marketing because its target consumers are also huge fans of

Essay --

Loss of innocence In The Lord of the Flies by William Golding explains how a group, as kids grow into young adults being savages due to their need of surviving. Golding wrote Lord of the Flies while a war was going on and said everyone could be a nazi if they wanted to. He believes all people are born evil and in his head his viewing point is shown in the book and the movie. The book and the movie have the same perspective as loss of innocence, savagery Willliam golding wrote and based his book on the war that was happening in the mid 1940s in Europe. He viewed his world as harsh and cruel. They were taking people to concentration camps he didn’t know how far people were capable of going. But he did assure that that if anyone wanted they could become Nazis themselves. He proves that we become what were most scared of if it means being alive. Our brains are controlled to survive no matter what not caring what you can become on the way to survival. Not everyone would become a nazi if they had a choice others have more purified souls and would rather die than become a Nazi. In the m...

Problem of Evil Essay

The traditional problem of evil emerges when people believe in and argue for the existence of a God who is both omnipotent and wholly good. According to Mackie’s study (1955), few of the solutions to the problem of evil could stand up to criticism. Today, someone suggests an alternative: God is not perfectly good, but maximally cool. By cool he means to be free from tension or violence. Since God is maximally cool, he is not so much concerned about either eliminating evil or maximizing goodness than promoting coolness. This God appears to be logically valid, but this essay will show that the existence of such God is impossible. First, we should ask this: if God aims to promote coolness, why would he bother to create evil? It is clear that evil is not cool, given that evil creates tension and violence. It may be replied that God is maximally cool and therefore creates anything based on his will and is not concerned with what happens to his creation afterwards. This reply is arguing that God created some cool thing which later then turned into the uncool evil. Then, the fact that uncool evil exists implies that God cannot make this uncool evil to be cool again, which contradicts with the premise that God is omnipotent. Secondly, good is also uncool. According to most theists, good is defined to be opposite to evil and thus always fights to expel evil (Mackie, 1955), so that good is in constant tension and possible violence with evil. Though the God in argument is claimed to be not perfectly good, this God is still good to a certain degree. Then he will still fights against evil and therefore is not always cool. This leads us to conclude that this God cannot be maximum cool. This guy in defense of the existence of a maximally cool God might argue that uncool is necessary as a counterpart to cool. It seems natural and necessary to consider why there should be uncool things if God is maximum cool. He might argue that if there were no uncool, there could be no cool either, in that if there were no violence or tension to be created and involved in, there could be no violence or tension to be free from. It might be that out of randomness, God created evil that generates tension and good that engages in tension against evil. To detach from involvement in tension or to destroy tension might create another tension and may incur violence. If God were to eliminate uncool things that he created, he would enter a tension between cool and uncool. Then, it would be uncool to make uncool things cool. Because God is maximally cool, he will not enter such tension and therefore he leaves good and evil as uncool as they are. By claiming that cool cannot exist without uncool, this guy shows that God cannot create cool without simultaneously creating uncool. This sets a limit to what God can do, which involves two possibilities: either God is not omnipotent or that omnipotence has some limits. If it is the first case, then we can deny the existence of a God who is omnipotent and maximally cool. If it is the second case, one may argue that these limits are logically impossibility. However, according to Mackie (1955), some theists hold the view that God can do what is logically impossible, while many theists maintain that God created logic. This leads us to the paradox of omnipotence, where we consider whether an omnipotent being can bind himself. According to Mackie, although we can avoid the paradox of omnipotence by putting God outside time, we cannot prove that an omnipotent God binds himself by logical laws. Therefore, it is a fallacious approach to prove the existence of a maximally cool and omnipotent by claiming that cool and uncool are counterparts to each other. To summarize, if a God is omniscience, then he must know the existence of uncool. If he is omnipotent and maximum cool, he will promote coolness to the maximum. However, we observe that there are uncool things which are against God’s will to promote coolness and which God cannot make them cool. Therefore, a God that is omniscience, omnipotent and maximally cool cannot exist. Works Cited J. L. Mackie, â€Å"Evil and Omnipotence,† Mind, New Series, Vol. 64, No. 254. (Apr. , 1955), pp. 200-212. In Pascal’s Wager, Pascal concludes that rationality requires people to wager for god. He bases his argument on mainly three premises. The first premise is his construct of the decision matrix of rewards. The second premise suggests that we are required by rationality to assign positive and not infinitesimal probability to God existing. The third premise states that we are required by rationality to perform the act of possible maximum expected utility. This essay will argue that Pascal’s Wager does not demonstrate solid prudential reasons for us to believe in God, by showing the third premise is not necessarily true. We consider that it is not in all cases that we are required by rationality to maximize expected utility. In Pascal’s Wager, we pay ‘one life’ to wager for God and obtain infinite expected utility. Paying finite amount to play a game with infinite expectation appear to be at our interests and can therefore serve as a prudential reason for us to wager for God. However, in certain cases, this action could be regarded as absurd and alternatively, and to the contrary, taking intuitively sub-optimal actions would actually maximize the expected utility. For example, the St. Petersburg paradox could be representative of this kind of situations. In the St. Petersburg game (Martin, 2011), we keep flipping a coin until we get a coin. The total number of flips, n, yields the prize which equals $2n. There are infinite sum of flips possible, so we have infinite number of possible consequences. The expected payoff of each consequence is $1 and therefore the ‘expected value’ of the game, which equals the sum of the expected payoffs of all the consequences, will be an infinite number of dollars. Then, intuitively we will be willing to play the game as long as we only need to pay a finite number of dollars, given that the ‘expected value’ of the game is infinite. However, Hacking (1980) suggested that â€Å"few of us would pay even $25 to enter such a game. † If we were to pay $25 for the game, half of the time we receive $2 and one quarter of the time the game pays $4, so the probability to break-even is less than one in twenty five. Still, because of the very small possibility of the number of flips to be greater than $25, the expected payoff of the game is larger than the $25 payment. According to standard Bayesian decision theory (Martin, 2011), we should play this game. Then again, because of the very small possibility of getting high enough payment, it is very likely that we will need to flip a coin longer than our physical possibility. In that sense, it will be absurd to pay this finite amount and flip longer than physical constraints for the infinite expected payoff. Therefore, it is not always true that rationality will require us to perform the act that yields maximal expected utility. In the St. Petersburg game we experiment infinitely many trials which yield infinite expectation. In Pascal’s wager, we have a single-trial which also yields infinite expectation. It seems natural for Pascal to assume that expectation is a good guide to solve this decision problem. However, according to Hajek (2012), we need to take variance into consideration to make better decision, because in this one-time shot, a large variance could lead us to an outcome which is much worse than the expectation. When the variance is small, it is probable to get an outcome close to the expectation. However, the further the distribution of outcomes spreads out, the more likely it is to get a bad outcome, and the less compelling the third premise seems to be. Assuming that the expectation of wagering for God is infinite, we can calculate the variance of the outcomes of the wager. Given the infinitely good of the good outcome and the status quo of the bad outcome, the variance is infinite. In the case of an infinite variance, due to our risk-aversion, we might be better off choosing to minimize variance than maximizing our expected utility. Indeed, if f2 is made as low as possible, the variance of wagering for God would be much greater than wagering against God. If the probability of the probability of receiving infinite good, is made as low as possible, the resulted variance might make we deviate much further away from the expected utility in an undesirable direction. Both cases above could happen, and if they do, we would feel less compelled by our rationality to maximize our expected utility because the large variance could lead us to a situation that is much worse than expectation. To summarize, Pascal’s premise three is not necessarily true. This premise says that we are required by nationality to maximize expected utility where there is one available. However, the St. Petersburg paradox suggests that rationality does not always require us to maximize our expected utility. Furthermore, in consideration of large variance, expectation might not be a good measure of choiceworthiness (Hajek, 2012). Without the validity of premise three, we cannot draw the conclusion that rationality requires us to wager for God. Therefore, Pascal’s wager does not solidly demonstrate that we have prudential reasons to believe in God. Works Cited Hajek, Alan, â€Å"Pascal’s Wager†, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), URL = http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/win2012/entries/pascal-wager/ Martin, Robert, â€Å"The St. Petersburg Paradox†, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . Hacking, Ian, 1980, â€Å"Strange Expectations†, Philosophy of Science 47: 562-567. According to Pollock (1986), you might be a brain floating in a vat filled with nutrient fluid. You do not realize that you are a brain in a vat because this brain is wired to a computer program that produces stimulation in brain to cause experiences that are qualitatively indistinguishable from normal experiences of being a human being. The problem lies exactly in that whether you are a brain in a vat or not, everything seems to be the same to you. Many philosophers have attempted to prove that you are not a brain in a vat and their approaches seem to be valid. Among those, Moore’s argument and Putnam’s argument are two influential but different approaches. This essay tries to show that you cannot use either of these arguments to prove that you are not a brain in a vat. While going through Moore’s argument seems to be an easy way to show that you are not a BIV (brain in a vat), it is not difficult to show how this approach is flawed either. By Moore’s argument, first you open your eyes and form perceptual knowledge that you have hands. Then you deduce that you are not a BIV which does not have hands and thereby you come to know that conclusion. However, it should be argued in the first place that your senses are not reliable. As Descartes argued in Meditations (1986), while you might form the perception that you are wearing a dress in the dream, you are actually undressed in your bed. The flaw in the logic of this approach can be demonstrated in the following analogous story. You see an empty glass on a table. The glass looks orange and in fact it is. You form perceptual knowledge that the glass is orange. You deduce that it is not colorless and filled with orange juice. You thereby come to know that the glass does not appear orange to you because it is colorless with orange juice filled in it. By assuming that there is orange juice in the glass, you establish that the glass does not appear orange to you because it is colorless with orange juice filled in it. Here the problem is that there is no orange juice and you are trying to prove there is orange juicy by assuming its existence. For the same token, if you are a BIV, then the hands that you perceive are hands* produced by one feature of the computer program. The premise asserting that you form a perception of hands is assuming that you are not a BIV and therefore can form a perceptual knowledge of hands. This is begging the question because we want to prove that we are not BIV. Therefore, you cannot prove that you are not a BIV by going through Moore’s argument. Another famous discussion is Putnam’s semantic arguments. One problem of this approach is the narrow scope of the arguments. Putnam started his arguments by drawing analogy between the mental image of a Martian and that of a BIV. Claiming that Mars does not have tree, Putnam established that BIV’s utterance of ‘tree’ has a different referent from the referent of a non-BIV speaking of a tree. While it is possible that you have always been a BIV since you come into being, so you have never seen a tree that a non-BIV sees. It is also possible that you have lived certain part of your life as a non-BIV and then at some point you are made into a BIV. For example, if you recall in The Problems of Knowledge (Pollock, 1986), by the time that Margot tells Mike that he is a brain in a vat, he has been a brain in a vat for three months. According to Margot, Henry, or the brain in a vat that Mike sees, receives a fictitious mental life that merges perfectly into Henry’s past life. To merge perfectly, the language and its referents that the computer generates for Henry must be indistinguishable from those before his envatment. Similarly, if Mike has been speaking English up until three months ago when he was envatted, his utterance of ‘Margot’ after envatment must have the same referent as the one he had before. It must be that now his words retain the same English referents to the same contents in order to achieve a perfect merge (Brueckner, 2012). This perfect merge makes brain* in a vat* the same as BIV, which means whether you are BIV or not, you always speak English rather than vat-English. Because there are no differences in the languages between BIV and non-BIV, the semantic arguments have nowhere to start in this case. Unless you know with certainty that all BIVs have been BIVs since they came into beings, you cannot use semantic arguments to prove that you are not a BIV. To summarize, Moore’s arguments appear to be an easy solution to the problem of knowledge, but these arguments are begging the question and therefore cannot refute the brain-in-a-vat hypotheses. It seems that Putnam’s arguments are more compelling, but still they fail to rule out all possible versions of the brain-in-a-vat hypotheses. Therefore, you cannot prove that you are a non-BIV by using either of these arguments. Works Cited Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1960. Print. Pollock, John L. Contemporary Theories of Knowledge. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1986. Print. Brueckner, Tony, â€Å"Skepticism and Content Externalism†, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), URL = .