Modern tendencies of international labour migration free essay sample

Introduction At the present time, the globalization of economic life has led to the creation of an international labor market in the context of growing internationalization of production and integration. Potential prospects that are embedded in labor migration are huge and include acceleration in economic growth, reduce unemployment, improve the quality of life, income growth, etc. The theme of this term paper Modern tendencies of international labor migration. The purpose of writing an analysis of currently existing international migration issues, to identify the main streams of migration and an analysis of state regulation of international labor migration. The above defines a set of goal the following objectives: to consider the theoretical aspects of labor migration (its nature and value) to determine the impact of international migration on countries importing and exporting labor to explore contemporary migration flows and to consider a system of state regulation of external labor migration. The object of study in this course work is international labor migration in the context of globalization and market economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern tendencies of international labour migration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The subject of the study is theoretical and methodological elements of state control of foreign labor migration, contemporary migration flows and theoretical concepts. In writing this paper I have used a lot of literature. Here is the most basic analysis. The theoretical basis of this study is based on the work of authors such as Ivahnyuk IV, Iontsev VA Molodikova IN, Mukomel VI, Sukhov A. , Horev, BS etc. In the study of the impact of international migration on the global economy in the context of globalization have helped me work of Glushchenko GI Ivahnyuka I. , Denissenko M. B. Information on the state regulation of external labor migration has been taken from works Vorobyova O. D . , Glushchenko GI and Ponomarev, VA, VI Mukomel. Also I used newspaper articles and magazines economic substance of Russian and foreign publications. 1. International labour migration as an integral part of society 1. 1. Essense and typesof the international labour migration In terms of globalization the crucial factor of developing of many countries becomes international labour migration, which favours the establishing of flexible labour market, application of outstanding achievements made by scientific and technical progress, closer cooperation between nations. Movement of factors of production is the foundation of international labour migration. This process occurs in highly developed countries. According to principles of market economy, factors of production are searching for profitable application as much as possible, which in perspective will bring the highest efficiency. Though labour market functions according to the laws of demand and supply, it differs a lot from other markets. The basis forms not only economis factors but also social and psychological, which are not always connected with the price of the labour (salary). There is no any single generally accepted definition of international labour migration, But the most accurate I find the one given by Ioncev V. A. He said that international labour migration are the territorial people movements across national borders, connected with changing of permanent place of living and citizenship, due to a variety of reasons (family, national, political, ethical and etc. ), or with staying in receiving country for long-term purposes. Exist many types of international labour migration and the most common division consists of 3 broad groups: immigration (act of foreigners coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence), emigration (leaving ones country to settle in another for long terms), return migration (return of migrants to their place of origin). Also it is possible to mark out other ways of distinguishing labour migration into types. For example, motives can be different: voluntary and forced. In case of voluntary migration citizen decides by himself to leave the country. But in the event of forced migration his intention to relocate is caused by threat for life (natural cataclysms, wars, riots and others). Migration might differ in duration: long-term, short-term, permanent, seasonal (in different seasons with the purpose of job placement) and commutation (constant dislocation between population aggregates for work or study). One more important distinction lays in legal foundation: migration can be legal and illegal (unregistered and one that violates the regime of entry). International migration flows form in accordance with many factors, most of important of which are socio-economic (migration caused by search of a new work place, education, marriage). Also exist demographic, political, religious, ethnical reasons that make someone to leave his native country. Most common reasons nowadays are low level of wage, high level of unemployment and insufficient education. 1. 2. Impact of the labour migration International migration has a strong influence on both the importing country and exporting country. Recently, the migration processes are perceived as a resource, on which strongly depends the level of economic development. Considering the impact of international labor migration on the development of the exporting country, it is possible to identify some benefits. First of all, declining unemployment rate, weakens the intensity on the domestic labor market, the countrys citizens who work abroad, transfer part of their income to home, thereby reducing the balance of payments deficit. Moreover, the labor force acquires new skills and by returning home, improves human resource skills in their country. There are negative aspects for exporting countries. On the reproduction of labor power has been put national resources, but when it goes abroad, creates a gross domestic product in another country, and do not compensate costs spent on it. Secondly, usually mainly highly-qualified workers leave their native countries. Regarding the impact of international labor migration on the importing countries, evaluations are also ambiguous. Labour migration can reduce labor costs and general costs in the host country. However, before migration was seen as a solution to labor shortages in the domestic market, but over time gained a tendency of settling in receiving countries and immigration is viewed now as a threat to the national economy. Moreover, it leads to transformation of these countries into multinational, what sometimes promotes inter-ethnic conflicts. Thus, international migration affects both the importing countries of labor force and exporting, and has become a global phenomenon, which has its influence on all aspects of life. 2. Pecularities of the regulation of the international labour migration 2. 1. Basic principles and features The migration process is complex and, taking into account all possible consequences, government can not ignore this area of international relations, thus it started lately to tight control measures. The purpose of the state settlement of labor migration is to achieve in importing country the required volume of immigration, including selection of needed workers from all who wishes to immigrate. To avoid negative effects there is an extensive system of national and international regulation. It consists of agreements between the countries themselves, the laws on the status of migrants and other regulatory documents. There is also a system of ongoing monitoring after the migration (SOPEMI), which was founded by OECD. A distinctive feature of regulation of foreign migration is that the advantage is always given to domestic states. At the same time, developing control measures, they must follow established legal order and standards that are contained in documents drawn up by international economic organizations. Many importing countries adhere to a selective method of regulation which consists in encouraging entry into its territory of certain categories of workers who seems to be the most preferable for it, but prevents the immigration of others. These categories may include workers who agree to work for a lower price than local, qualified ones or from fields industries that the country plans to develop. It is possible to restrict the entry by presenting certain requirements for qualification of personnel, their state of health, age and education. Many states have a policy of quantitative quotas, which means establishment of a ceiling that is the maximum number of immigrants. There is also economic regulation, which involves the imposition of financial restrictions or temporal regulation. The governments by their own choose type of regulation, and what restrictions to apply, basing primarily on the interests of employees of the national labor market, however, they must not forget to respect international law. 2. 2. Designing of the migratory policy In order to stabilize and take under control the processes of migration, there should be an effective migration policy. Migration policy of the country consists of theoretical assumptions, goals, means and methods of regulation of national and international processes of migration movements. It can be carried out at both levels: national and international Any immigration policy is based on two components: theoretical basis and practical side. Migration policy is an integral component of domestic and foreign policy. Its direction determines by the socio-economic policy of the country, including aspects of its foreign policy. Migration policy of each state is a set of special measures, legislation and bilateral and multilateral agreements on the basis of which regulation is managed. At each historical period migration policy had either emigration or immigration character, but currently second one dominates. Almost all developed countries prefer to implement immigration policy and to impose tougher measures of controlling undocumented migration. Such measures are expressed by the desire to stimulate economic growth, ensure national security, to protect national markets. Priority in shaping migration policy is given to the use of tools that could provide an effective immigration control, increase screening of potential migrants but at the same time saving national security. 3. Development prospects of the international labour migration 3. 1. Modern tendencies Observed in recent decades, the intensification of migration is expressed in both quantitative and qualitative indicators: change in shape and direction of movement of labor flows. The unprecedented scale of global labor migration is a crucial feature of modernity. If the 50-70s. migration was mainly from developing countries to industrialized, from the 80s. a counter migration process takes place: the movement of foreign workers from more developed to less developed countries. The dominant motive of migration is still the economic one. Modern production technologies, based on the principles of the international division of labor, promote migration. This is primarily due to the activities of transnational corporations that organize production in the world economy. At the present stage of development has increased significantly the illegal labor migration, which has become a global problem. The international migration of qualitative changes results from the scientific and technological revolution, which essentially consists in a significant increase in the proportion of migrating skilled workers. If to the countries of traditional migration (U. S. , Canada, Australia, South Africa) in the XIX century and the first half of XX century relocated only the Europeans, while in the 80-90s. they represent a small part of migrants. In the immigration flows to these countries dominate immigrants from Asia, Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean. One of the characteristics of the present stage of international labor migration has become more and more active government intervention in that process. It regulates transactions and deals on the global labor market, gives permission to enter and exit, and monitors the period of staying. It is engaged in recruiting and creating favorable conditions for hiring foreign workers. At the same time modern trends in labor migration are understudied and need more detailed analysis, because new countries enter the global labor market, which entails many problems, decide which should skilled specialists of that field and governments. 3. 2. Basic improvement trends of the international labour migration Analyzing current governance of migration flows, we can conclude that there is no effective mechanism of regulation. Direction of migration policy should become attraction of people from developed countries and creation of necessary conditions for that; repatriation of formerly departed citizens, while offering them new opportunities and challenges that were not available in the country they immigrated. Favorable situation for the return of compatriots from the CIS countries has developed due to the fact that in recent year in these countries is viewed an oppression of Russian-speaking population. This is a chance for Russia which it should take, while simplifying the procedure for obtaining Russian citizenship back. It is necessary to create adequate conditions for the migrants themselves, provide them with social services, benefits, opportunities for career growth. Not only cheap low-skilled workers should be attracted, but also high class workers. So far, modern migration policy is not working at solution of all problems. Indeed, there are many missions that needed to be not just seen but quickly and efficiently addressed. Conclusion. International labour migration is an important element of the socio-economic development of almost all countries of the world. Due to the migration forms flexible labor market, developing countries get access to the use of scientific and technological progress and labor is beginning to be used rationally and effectively. At this stage migration processes undergo many changes in which migration policy is seen as a guarantee of future wellbeing. Analyzing the possible social, demographic, political and economic consequences of international labour migration, I have concluded that labor migration is a controversial and ambiguous process, which requires strict regulation, which must take into account interests of the international community, certain countries and contemporary conditions of development. Moreover, there is a factor of illegal migration, which glows even more social environment and promotes appearance of negative consequences. International labour migration should be regulated and the volume of migration should not exceed the demand for it. Because the migration of labour is a complex process in which participation takes a lot of parties, it is necessary to create more sophisticated methods of information gathering and dissemination.